A lot of functions are already available with the base installation of R and they are usually used for numeric calculations, statistical analyses, plotting and visualisations. These functions can be used immediately and do not require you to load any libraries. However, there are times that you might need to use more specialised techniques in your assessment and the tool sets are contained within packages (also referred to as libraries). There are a number of packages that are included with the base distribution of R and you will need to load them before you can begin to use them. In order to know what is available in your R, you would have to use the following function.
#In this example, I will try to call up a page detailing the installed packages within the R.
R> installed.packages(priority="base")
Package LibPath Version Priority
base "base" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
compiler "compiler" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
datasets "datasets" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
graphics "graphics" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
grDevices "grDevices" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
grid "grid" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
methods "methods" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
parallel "parallel" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
splines "splines" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
stats "stats" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
stats4 "stats4" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
tcltk "tcltk" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
tools "tools" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
utils "utils" "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library" "4.0.3" "base"
Depends Imports LinkingTo
base NA NA NA
compiler NA NA NA
datasets NA NA NA
graphics NA "grDevices" NA
grDevices NA NA NA
grid NA "grDevices, utils" NA
methods NA "utils, stats" NA
parallel NA "tools, compiler" NA
splines NA "graphics, stats" NA
stats NA "utils, grDevices, graphics" NA
stats4 NA "graphics, methods, stats" NA
tcltk NA "utils" NA
tools NA NA NA
utils NA NA NA
Suggests Enhances
base "methods" NA
compiler NA NA
datasets NA NA
graphics NA NA
grDevices "KernSmooth" NA
grid "lattice" NA
methods "codetools" NA
parallel "methods" "snow, nws, Rmpi"
splines "Matrix, methods" NA
stats "MASS, Matrix, SuppDists, methods, stats4" NA
stats4 NA NA
tcltk NA NA
tools "codetools, methods, xml2, curl, commonmark" NA
utils "methods, xml2, commonmark" NA
License License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type
base "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
compiler "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
datasets "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
graphics "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
grDevices "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
grid "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
methods "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
parallel "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
splines "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
stats "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
stats4 "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
tcltk "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
tools "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
utils "Part of R 4.0.3" NA NA NA
MD5sum NeedsCompilation Built
base NA NA "4.0.3"
compiler NA NA "4.0.3"
datasets NA NA "4.0.3"
graphics NA "yes" "4.0.3"
grDevices NA "yes" "4.0.3"
grid NA "yes" "4.0.3"
methods NA "yes" "4.0.3"
parallel NA "yes" "4.0.3"
splines NA "yes" "4.0.3"
stats NA "yes" "4.0.3"
stats4 NA NA "4.0.3"
tcltk NA "yes" "4.0.3"
tools NA "yes" "4.0.3"
utils NA "yes" "4.0.3"
The page will show you a list of all the installed packages within the R and it is up to you to load one package before you can start using it.
#Use this function to load the library of your choice and I have chosen the library "graphics" for this example.
R> library("graphics")
R>
#If you entered the command properly and command prompt will show as normal. In this example, I purposely spelt wrongly and we will encounter the following error message.
R> library("graphic")
R>Error in library("graphic") : there is no package called ‘graphic’There are a lot of useful libraries that are contributed by other users and programmers and you would have to install these packages in order to make use of them.
#Use the following function in order to install a package that is not found within your base installation of R. In this example, I decided to perform mathematical calculations using univariate and multivariate spatio-temporal random effects models for point-referenced data using Markov chain Monte Carlo, so I will go for "spBayes" that is the package to do just that.
R>install.packages("spBayes")
#If the command is run successfully, the console will start to show you the running output as the procedure complete. Every so often, you also might want to check for updates to your packages therefore, you could use the following function to check.
R>update.packages()
#If the command is run successfully, the console will start to show you the running output as the procedure complete. 
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